read more:Aryanized Architecture: Restitution and Memory (1938–1945) Blog EN) Dr. Walter Krajnc-Novelle Blog (EN) Friedrich Corazza historical novella Hall in Tyrol in its historical contextA City Between Salt, Trade, and Political Upheaval Few towns in Tyrol are as inextricably linked with "white gold" as Hall. The salt mining in the nearby Halltal valley, the minting of Europe’s first major early-modern silver coin—the famed Guliner—and its strategically advantageous position on the Inn River transformed the settlement into an economic powerhouse as early as the Middle Ages. At its peak, Hall even outshone nearby Innsbruck. This wealth, accumulated over centuries, not only shaped the town’s architectural face with its magnificent churches and monasteries but also forged a deeply Catholic, self-assured burgher class. (Source: Herta Öttl, Die Ansitze in Hall und Umgebung) Yet when the swastika flag was hoisted above the town hall in 1938, this firmly established social fabric came under immense pressure. To understand resistance, persecution, and adaptation in Hall between 1938 and 1945, one must first grasp the unique "DNA" of this town—a DNA inscribed with salt, silver, and profound religious devotion. From Salt to Silver Power: The Origins of Hall Hall's history reaches back to prehistoric times, but it was the rich salt deposits of the Halltal that conferred lasting significance upon the settlement. For centuries, "white gold" formed the bedrock of its prosperity and economic ascent. Around 1303, Count Meinhard II of Tyrol raised the settlement to the status of a town. What followed was a meteoric rise: salt extracted from the Halltal was transported across the Brenner Pass as far as Venice and into southern Germany. This long-distance trade turned Hall into a hub of European exchange—and its citizenry into one of Tyrol's wealthiest merchant classes. During the late Middle Ages, Hall ranked among the region’s most important towns, occasionally surpassing even the provincial capital, Innsbruck, in economic clout. Yet prosperity was unevenly distributed. Political power within the small town rested with a narrow oligarchy of ten to fifteen patrician families, while roughly two-thirds of Hall’s population were classified as poor or of modest means. These social frictions would continue to shape the town’s history well into the twentieth century. (Source: Ratsfamilien. Online at https://www.isbn.de/buch/9783703003745/ratsfamilien-tageloehner-bewohner-von-hall-tirol-im-ausgehenden-mittelalter) The Mint: Europe's Monetary Hub in the Heart of Tyrol Another pivotal development was the establishment of the sovereign mint. Hall evolved into a centre of European coinage. In 1486, the first major early-modern silver coin type was struck here: the Guldiner—a currency whose high silver content and precision minting laid the groundwork for the later globally renowned thaler. The Hall mint gained renown across Europe and significantly enhanced the city's prestige. The right to mint coins was not merely a symbol of princely authority; it also secured lasting revenue and economic stability for the town. read more:www.muenze-hall.at/en Faith and Community: Hall as a Religious Centre  Photograph St. Nikolaus Church in Hall in Tyrol. Held in private archive Walder Hall in Tyrol. Alongside its economic prominence, Hall developed into an important religious hub in Tyrol. Churches, monasteries, and charitable institutions shaped both the urban landscape and the social fabric of daily life. Of particular significance were the parish church of St. Nikolaus, the Franciscans, and numerous religious orders active in education and social welfare. The Catholic milieu remained a defining feature of the town's society well into the twentieth century and profoundly influenced many residents' attitudes toward the National Socialist regime. The deeply rooted Catholic tradition—expressed in monasteries, masses, and charitable works—became the source of a profound conflict of loyalties after 1938. read more:(EN) The_ Franciscan _Monastery_ in _Hall _Forced _Closure_ and _Seizure (EN) Deanery _Hall _in _Tirol _resistance Between Crisis and Awakening: Hall in the 19th CenturyThroughout its history, the town experienced numerous crises and upheavals. Fires, wars, and economic shifts influenced its development, as did political changes of power within the Habsburg monarchy. In the nineteenth century, industrialisation brought new economic momentum. At the same time, modern educational institutions and administrative structures emerged. Hall remained a significant regional centre with close ties to the Church, the state, and civic associations. A Divided Society: Hall in the First Republic (1918–1938)After the end of the First World War and the collapse of the Habsburg monarchy, Hall became part of the Republic of Austria. The interwar period was marked by economic hardship, political tensions, and social change. The Political Landscape of Hall in the 1930sFollowing the municipal elections of 1928, the Hall town council was composed as follows: the Tyrolean People's Party held the majority with sixteen mandates, followed by the Social Democratic Workers' Party (SDAPÖ) with eight seats, a joint list of the Greater German People's Party and the Economic Party with three seats, and the Reform League with one mandate. The mayor was Anton Schlögl (People's Party), with Dr. Paul Kathrein as his first deputy mayor. On the Social Democratic side, Johann Schittelkopf served as second deputy mayor—a man who would later distinguish himself in the resistance against the National Socialists. Among the representatives of the People's Party, we find names that would later belong to Hall's resistance movement: Josef Egg (headmaster of the secondary school), Ludwig Walder (master shoemaker), Josef Dosch (senior postal official), and Dr. Viktor Schumacher (physician). read more:Blog (EN) Dr. jur. Paul Kathrein 🇬🇧 (EN) Dr. med. Viktor Schumacher (EN) Dr. _Ernst _Verdross Josef Egg (EN) Austrofascism and Its Consequences for Hall
 Photographs Dollfuß Square in Hall in Tyrol. Held in private archive K. Walder Hall in Tyrol. The political conflicts of the First Republic reached a dramatic climax in 1933/34. Federal Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuß dismantled parliamentary democracy, banned all political parties—including the Social Democrats—and established an authoritarian regime, the so-called Austrofascism. The repercussions were felt immediately in Hall: long-serving, committed Social Democratic councillors had to resign their mandates overnight. They were replaced by adherents of the unified party, the "Fatherland Front." Functioning democratic municipal politics came to an abrupt end and, as we know today, ultimately paved the way for the National Socialists. read more:Dollfuss_Engelbert_Blog_EN en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss Social Hardship and Economic Crisis The early 1930s were marked by severe economic distress for Hall. The increasing impoverishment of large segments of the population compelled the municipal administration to take action. Under the leadership of Dr. Viktor Schumacher, the town organised a large-scale winter relief campaign in the winter of 1933/34. The report on the welfare measures documents the extent of the hardship: "Winter Relief 1933/34 – Account. Period 1 December 1933 to 15 March 1934; 446 households, or 1,125 persons, had to be provided with winter aid. This represents an increase of 186 households, or 465 persons, compared to the previous year. In the winter of 1933/34, the distribution of meals and heating materials remained the priority. Over 31 months, the municipal emergency feeding programme distributed no fewer than 18,947 meals (lunch and dinner)—approximately 170 portions daily." Numerous Hall and Innsbruck-based companies contributed in-kind donations to alleviate the hardship: the Rauch firm from Mühlau donated 800 kg of maize semolina, the United Breweries 800 kg of broken rice, the Schindler company 100 kg of jam, the Federal Forests 12 cubic metres of firewood, and the Innsbruck Chamber of Labour 5 tonnes of coal. Despite these relief efforts, unemployment remained high. The town invested in job creation schemes and pinned its hopes on tourism—yet the anticipated breakthrough failed to materialise, not least due to the economic policy repercussions of the Great Depression and the political tensions with the German Reich. read more:Blog (EN) Dr. med. Viktor Schumacher The Fateful Year of 1938: The "Anschluss" and the First PersecutionsOn the morning of 12 March 1938, news of Schuschnigg's resignation and the entry of German troops spread like wildfire through the alleys of Hall. While some welcomed the National Socialists with enthusiasm, many feared the worst—and their fears would prove well-founded. Immediate Consequences:· Arrests: Within the first weeks after the "Anschluss," regime-critical citizens of Hall were taken into custody—some disappeared for years in the Dachau concentration camp. · Coordination of the Schools: The school prayer was replaced by the Hitler salute, and Hitler Youth drills came to dominate classroom instruction. · Assault on the Church: The Catholic Journeymen's Association was expropriated, and charitable institutions such as the St. Vincent Conference were dissolved. "The children wept when the teaching nuns had to leave—after ninety years of teaching in Hall," eyewitnesses reported. read more:(EN) Friedrich Corazza Blog (EN) Dr. _Manfred _Mumelter Blog (EN) Echoes from History 1938-1945 (EN) The Dissolution of the Haller Stubengesellschaft under National Socialism March 13, 1939: How the Nazis Were Celebrated in Hall" Tensions in Hall Before and During National Socialism (EN) The Hall Swimming Pool 1938 - 1941 1940–1943: The Expulsion of the Religious OrdersThe National Socialists sought to "de-Catholicise" Hall—yet the town resisted through quiet, steadfast opposition. The End of the Monasteries in Hall:· The Franciscans were driven out of the grammar school, and their church was closed in 1940, repurposed as a storage facility for the Nazi district leadership (Gauleitung). · Father Gaudenz Conzi, a beloved pastoral carer, was arrested—for having given alms to a beggar (who was allegedly a "deserter"). · In 1941, the St. Joseph's Missionaries were expropriated, and the nuns were expelled. read more:(EN) The_ Franciscan _Monastery_ in _Hall _Forced _Closure_ and _Seizure (EN) Bold _Franciscan _Friar Religious _Orders _in _Resistance The Parish as a Refuge of Resistance Nevertheless, the parish church of St. Nikolaus, under Dean Heinrich Heidegger (from 1942 onwards), became a site of quiet resistance:
read more:(EN) Young Catholics against the Nazis gedenkort.at/en/places/c46efb91-bab4-40bd-8e55-120581736954 Blog (EN) Hall Remains Loyal. Banned But Not Dead! Krajnc_Blog (EN) Dr._ Walter (EN) Michael und Peter Zwetkoff (EN) _Dr. _N. _ Pfeifauf _und _Dr_. H._ Blassnig Niederwolfsgruber_Paula_Blog_(EN) Blog (EN) Count _Bernhard_ Stolberg-Stolberg Blog (EN) The report in the Innsbrucker Nachrichten on January 5, 1939(EN) Solbad Hall 1938 - 19451944–1945: The Bombs That Shook Solbad Hall/Hall in TyrolFor years, the war had passed Hall by—until the sky above the town turned into a deadly menace. Three Attacks That Changed Everything:· 16 November 1944: The first bomb struck near Thurnfeld Convent—a dud that spared lives but shattered the illusion of safety. · Christmas 1944: Eight bombs transformed the railway district into a landscape of rubble—their detonations drowning out the Christmas carols sung in the refugee shelters. · 16 February 1945 – The Day Hall Burned: The Kugelanger district vanished in firestorms, the pilgrimage church of Scheibenstein collapsed, burying its miraculous Madonna in the dust. By nightfall, 102 dead were recorded on the lists, and 1,500 people wandered through their destroyed homeland.  Photograph buildings near the train station /Hall in Tyrol : February 16, 1945. Held in private archive Helmuth Federspiel Absam. read more:(EN) House of the Good Shepherd Blog (EN) In Memory of the Tertiary Sisters Blog (EN) Herbal Collection Blog (EN) Deaf Institute Resistance in Hall: Faces of Courage · Despite the omnipresent persecution, resistance against the regime developed in Hall—ranging from religiously motivated opposition and assistance to the persecuted, to organised groups. The Sternkorona – Banned, But Not Broken · The student fraternity Sternkorona, founded in 1888, was banned by the National Socialists in 1938. The 1,781.88 pre-war schillings (approximately €6,666 today) saved for the 50th anniversary festival in June 1938 were confiscated by the SA, with the remainder seized by the town of Solbad Hall. · Despite the official prohibition, the brothers continued to meet secretly in inns until the end of 1938. A contemporary verse encapsulates their stance: · "The house has fallen – what does it matter? The spirit lives on in us all, and our fortress is God!" · Of the sixteen priests within the fraternity who opposed the Nazi regime, all were persecuted. read more:Blog (EN) Sternkorona I (EN) K.ö.ST.V. Nibelungia-MKV Franz Reinisch (1903–1942) – Martyr of Conscience · The Pallottine Father Franz Reinisch refused on grounds of conscience to take the oath of allegiance to Adolf Hitler. He was arrested, brought before a court-martial, and sentenced to death. On 21 August 1942, he was executed by guillotine at Brandenburg-Görden prison. read more:Reinisch_Franz_Pallottiner_Blog (EN) 🕯️ Father Franz Reinisch Memorial gedenkort.at/en/persons/f9d3ddf3-5363-5fd9-a106-06379e281d40 schoenstatt.com/franz-reinisch-a-martyr-of-our-time/ www.omnesmag.com/en/news/franz-reinisch/ Josef Anton Geiger (1880–1945) · The priest Josef Anton Geiger, who had already been politically active during Austrofascism, incurred the enmity of the Nazi regime after the "Anschluss." In 1940, he was sentenced to eighteen months in penitentiary and issued with an "Ostmark prohibition," which forbade his return to Austria. He survived his imprisonment, but died in October 1945 in Würzburg from the late effects of persecution—an indirect victim of Nazi terror. read more:gedenkort.at/en/persons/a9086e3f-82ef-5bc9-9e1b-3008817f3dd2 Blog (EN) Sternkorona I gedenkort.at/en/organizations/bdd02147-5e5f-47c9-88cf-6dafe086c8d7 Vinzenz Moser (1881–1945) · The Premonstratensian canon Vinzenz Moser, parish priest in Tulfes near Hall, delivered a sermon in 1940 in which he openly denounced the unchristian principles and crimes of the Nazi regime. He was arrested on the very same day and imprisoned for ten weeks. He died in 1945, shortly after liberation, from the consequences of the hardships he had endured. read more:gedenkort.at/en/persons/08cc53d8-4657-528f-a0f0-fdc622ac445a Blog (EN) Sternkorona I gedenkort.at/en/organizations/bdd02147-5e5f-47c9-88cf-6dafe086c8d7 Honorius Hohlbrugger (1904–1993) · The Franciscan Father Honorius Hohlbrugger, chaplain in Hall, was arrested in December 1939 for a sermon in which he had condemned National Socialist youth education as "education to children of Satan." He was convicted of "abuse of the pulpit" and violation of the Treachery Act (Heimtücke-Gesetz), and was expelled from the dissolved Franciscan monastery in Hall in 1940. read more:Blog (EN) Father Honorius Hohlbrugger gedenkort.at/en/places/dc4b84b4-0c63-4243-955d-105054305b78gedenkort.at/en/organizations/bdd02147-5e5f-47c9-88cf-6dafe086c8d7 Historical Significance for Remembrance CultureThe history of Hall demonstrates how closely local developments are interwoven with the great political events of Europe. The town was not only the scene of economic and cultural flourishing, but also a place of persecution, adaptation, and resistance during the Nazi era. The memory of those who stood up for their convictions despite personal danger is an essential part of Hall's urban history. Their life stories make clear that resistance against injustice was possible even under the conditions of a dictatorship. Professor Egger, the town chronicler, wrote in 1945 amidst the rubble: "When citizens dream, dictators awake"—a warning that has lost none of its relevance to this day. read more:Haller _Anton _Resistance _group Book _ Presentation _Concentration Camp Dachau Walder _Anton _(Part 1)_Blog_(EN) (EN) Captain _Johann _Baumgartner Blog (EN) socialist resistance in Hall in Tyrol Blog (EN) Monarchist Resistance in Hall in Tyrol The end of the 2. World War in Hall in Tyrol Photograph Vidu AI. jpg. In private archive K. Walder Hall in Tyrol. The occupation of Hall in Tyrol by U.S. troops took place with virtually no bloodshed. Thanks to the peaceful handover of the town by the resistance group led by Anton Haller and the first mayor of May 1945, Dr. Viktor Schumacher, Hall was spared armed conflict. The liberation was overshadowed only by a tragic incident in which a young boy was fatally struck when a U.S. soldier's weapon accidentally discharged. Read more:🇬🇧 (EN) Dr. med. Viktor Schumacher The Transition in 1945 and the French Takeover The end of the Nazi regime in May 1945 marked the beginning of a new, challenging chapter for the town of Solbad Hall (now Hall in Tirol). Initially, the town was liberated by American troops on May 4, 1945 . This day saw a swift change in local leadership, with Dr. Viktor Schumacher, a former resistance fighter, taking over as mayor . However, this was a temporary arrangement. Following the Allied agreements on the division of Austria into occupation zones, Tyrol was allocated to France. Consequently, the French military government formally took control of the region from the Americans in July 1945 . The town of Hall fell under the French Occupation Authority for Tyrol, which was headquartered in Innsbruck . This occupation would last for a decade, until the Austrian State Treaty restored full sovereignty in 1955 . Cooperation, Challenges, and Daily Life Cooperation with the French Authorities: A key factor in the initial period was the positive and constructive cooperation between the new French administration and the local government. Mayor Schumacher and the municipal council were composed of former resistance fighters, notably from the group around Anton Haller. This shared history of anti-Nazi resistance is noted as a crucial element that facilitated a good working relationship with the French military authorities from the very beginning . This collaboration was on public display in July 1945 when the town provided the prestigious "Haller Pokal" (Hall Cup) for a ceremony welcoming the new French governor, General Émile Béthouart . read more:Blog (EN) French Military Government in Solbad Hall (EN) General Bethouart en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Béthouart www.krone.at/3319115 Immediate Post-War Challenges: The town faced immense challenges typical of the post-war period. The administration grappled with a severe housing shortage and famine, a large influx of refugees and displaced persons, and the return of former Wehrmacht soldiers . A census taken in July 1945 recorded 9,420 people in Hall, including 92 Jewish refugees, 325 foreign workers, and 1,019 South Tyrolean Optanten (German-speaking people who had chosen to relocate from South Tyrol) . The immediate priorities for the authorities were ensuring the population's survival and managing these pressing social issues . Denazification and Control: The process of "denazification" was a primary task for the occupation forces. On July 20, 1945, just weeks after the French takeover, the police were ordered to register all former National Socialists in the town . In a direct reflection of the post-war power shift, the French authorities confiscated property, including radios, furniture, and apartments, from registered Nazis, while the homes of known resistance fighters were spared . Daily Life and Regulation: Daily life was heavily regulated at first, with a strict curfew imposed from 7:00 PM . Residents who needed to be out at night for essential work, such as doctors, midwives, and bakers, had to carry special passes to show to French military patrols . The black market was another significant issue the authorities attempted to combat, though their efforts were met with limited success . As the situation gradually normalized, the curfew was relaxed. On May 3, 1946, exactly one year after the war's end in the region, the curfew was officially shifted from 7:00 PM to the hours between 10:00 PM and 5:00 AM . read more:Blog (EN) Erwin Lahousen J. P. a resistance fighter and pilot (EN) Julius Vogth Justice and Nazi Perpetrators in Hall, Tyrol (EN) Dr. med. Otto Luze Blog (EN) Heinrich Andergassen (Part I) (EN) Grand Opening of the Historic Schneiderkapelle The Withdrawal of the French and the State Treaty of 1955: A New Beginning for Tyrol The ten-year occupation period ended with the signing of the Austrian State Treaty on May 15, 1955. The Allied troops subsequently withdrew, and on October 26, 1955 – now Austria's National Holiday – Austria was once again fully sovereign. For the Tyrolean population, this meant the end of an era of paternalism and the return to self-determination. The impact on the population was profound. Politically, the end of the occupation meant the complete return to the Austrian state structure and the strengthening of a sense of national independence. Particularly important for Tyrol was the perpetual neutrality of Austria enshrined in the treaty, which was intended to protect the region from new military conflicts and promote stability at the border with Italy. Furthermore, the regained sovereignty enabled the Austrian government to once again intensify its efforts on behalf of the rights of the German-speaking population in South Tyrol – an issue that has always been of great importance to Tyrol. Everyday life and the economy also experienced an upswing. The end of the occupation period provided the decisive impetus for economic renewal. The tourism sector, so important for Tyrol, could be revitalized and expanded. Infrastructure projects, such as the expansion of roads and railways, were also pushed forward again, improving Tyrol's connections. The newly gained self-confidence strengthened not only regional identity and culture but also institutions such as the University of Innsbruck. The withdrawal of French troops and the State Treaty of 1955 were therefore far more than just a political act for the Tyrolean population. They marked the beginning of a new era of freedom, economic growth, and normality, in which the region could once again take its future into its own hands. (Source: Mein Bezirk online, https://www.meinbezirk.at/schwaz/c-lokales/70-jahre-staatsvertrag-historische-moment-auch-fuer-tirol_a7305555, (accessed: June 26, 2026); as well as Online, https://www.verdi.bz.it/page/220/?id=5, (accessed: June 26, 2026) read more:austria-forum.org/af/AEIOU/Staatsvertrag/Staatsvertrag_english The Dark Side of the New Beginning The dark side of this new beginning was the extensive personal continuity from the Nazi era. Denazification in Tyrol was far from thorough, and many former National Socialists retained or quickly regained influential positions. A major reason for this was the high proportion of NSDAP members in the public service. Almost every second public employee had been a party member. In the education sector, the proportion among teachers was even around 70 percent. Without the continued employment of these individuals, basic services for the population could not have been maintained. This factual logic of necessity led to many "burdened" individuals remaining in office. In politics, too, the brown past was omnipresent. Three of the four governors of Tyrol between 1945 and 1987 – Alfons Weißgatterer, Hans Tschiggfrey, and Eduard Wallnöfer – were former NSDAP members. They not only achieved reintegration but rose to the top of the state. The French occupying power, which registered around 45,800 former National Socialists in Tyrol in 1946, soon left the actual denazification work to the local authorities and showed little interest in taking a hard line. In the economy, the proportion of former party members was also high, but the effects of denazification here were extremely minimal. Important entrepreneurs such as the Swarovski family remained largely untouched, as their influence on economic reconstruction and the balance of payments was not to be jeopardized. In the "liberal professions," the numbers were equally alarming: over half of all lawyers, three-quarters of notaries, and four-fifths of civil engineers had once belonged to the NSDAP. Of the more than 1,000 doctors and dentists, almost 40 percent were registered National Socialists. The consequence was that the society of the young Second Republic was to a large extent shaped by the very same people who had already carried the Nazi system. The denazification process in Tyrol remained superficial, particularly in comparison to other federal states, and the "brown legacies" continued to have an effect in politics, administration, and the economy for decades. (Source: Tiroler Arbeiterkammer. Online, https://tirol.arbeiterkammer.at/service/studien/WISO/2023/WISO_History_Neubeginn_aus_Truemmern.pdf#14#12, (accessed: June 26, 2026) read more:www.nationalfonds.org/detail-view/6090 www.cambridge.org/core/journals/austrian-history-yearbook/article/abs/horst-schreiber-die-machtubernahme-die-nationalsozialisten-in-tirol-193839-innsbruck-haymon-verlag-1994-pp-365-illus-os-385-dm-62-sfr-63/40F4FE1064640A0928DB6EA116840D3E Victims of the Nazi Dictatorship in Tyrol During the National Socialist dictatorship, numerous groups of people were persecuted because of their origin, beliefs, health, or political views. In Tyrol, the victims included Jewish families, Roma and Sinti, people with mental illnesses or disabilities, and political opponents of the regime. Many were stripped of their rights, forced to flee their homes, deported to concentration camps, or murdered. Following Austria's annexation by Nazi Germany in March 1938, the systematic persecution of the Jewish population also began in Tyrol. Through the confiscation of property ("Aryanization"), professional bans, violence, and deportations, Jewish life in the region was almost completely destroyed. Roma and Sinti were likewise persecuted under Nazi racial ideology, with the majority deported to Auschwitz, where many were murdered. One of the largest victim groups consisted of people with mental illnesses and disabilities. As part of the so-called "Action T4" euthanasia programme, more than 500 patients from Tyrol were murdered. Many others died from deliberate starvation or medical neglect in psychiatric institutions, including the psychiatric hospital in Hall in Tirol. After 1945, many victim groups initially received little recognition or compensation. It was not until decades later that Austria developed a broader culture of remembrance, acknowledging previously overlooked victims such as Roma and Sinti, homosexual people, and those murdered under the Nazi "euthanasia" programme. Remembering these victims remains an essential part of confronting the past and safeguarding democratic values. (Source: Rauchegger-Fischer, Claudia. "Victims of the Nazi Dictatorship – An Attempt at Classification." In Zeitgeschichtliche Streiflichter. Beiträge zur Regionalgeschichte Tirols 1938–1945 (Contemporary Historical Perspectives: Contributions to the Regional History of Tyrol 1938–1945). Innsbruck, 2010, pp. 147–153.) read more:www.gedenkort-hall.at/page.php?id=40# https://gedenkort.at/en/places/c46efb91-bab4-40bd-8e55-120581736954 Blog (EN) The Yeniyh in Hall Memo (EN) Winter children (EN) Jehovah's_ Witnesses
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